Evolution Of Animation

Abstract:This paper outlines the aims and objective of my  Research which has undertaken as part of my own interest. My Master’s degree which was pursued at Leeds Metropolitan University had helped me. Through this module i would like to deliver my phase of interest on research of animation and its evolution‘s, thus i would like to share some of my works in this platform.

General Terms: Research, Documentation and Human Factors.

Key-Words: Books,Technology, Personal interaction and cohesion.

Tools: Autodesk Maya, Adobe Photoshop, Google Search Engine and                      Record able Media.

Overview: The project is completely based on the Research on animation and its evolution. In this process, i have decided to make all of my work completely based on Process of evolution of animation.

Aim: To Deliver Complete research on “evolution of animation” with references. 

Research :

Animation:  The illusion of motion of pictures/images in particular sequence is called Animation.

Developing Stage:

The animation was not developed by any particular body. It was evolved before the time of apprx. 40,000 years which was drawn on cave walls by the pre-historic people. But the complete sequence art of 5,200 year old was found in Iran which a goat  trying to eat a leaves by jumping on a tree.

After that in Egypt, 4000years old painting which shows the position of young soldiers wrestling or combat positions in  Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum tower.

Inventing Machines to create an Illusion (animation):

In 180AD Chinese has invented Zoetrope-type device by Ting Huan which makes a rapid display of images creating the illusion of horse riding and circus feats.

Before the film era there are many devices which displayed the animation motion pictures which can be seen only by one person at a time. So they are called as toys in the time but students of filming and animation are still having those thoughts as basic principles.

Later in 1650, the magic lantern was invented which can display the illusion of the color images in the dark room by focusing any light object like candle, oil lamp or any other light source. This was just like present day Projectors.

In 1824, the object which is called as Thaumatrope was invented, which was used as a toy in Victorian times.      

This works when two different images were attached to a disk or coin and twirled quickly then two picture combines and displays as one with some gap in between the combining and separating.

The very basic invention of the modern day animation device was Phenakistoscope in 1831 by Belgian Joseph Plateau and Austrian Simon von Stampfer.  

This device contains the images with certain distance from each other. This makes an illusion when passes through the eyes of viewers through the mirror and spun.

The 1868 has to say the year of invention of modern animation when the first flip book was invented by John Barnes Linnet as a Kineograph.

This was a method which was drawn on the edge of the book which has to be in sequel to before image. While bending the book at the edge and releasing the pages one by one with some fast then the illusion will create to the viewer’s eyes.

The flip book process has given a chance to Herman Casler in 1894 to create Mutoscope.

This was not to project on the screen but to flip the images through the machine by rotating the gear. This is also can be seen only one person at a time.

Praxinoscope was the first animation projector which was invented by Charles Emile Reynaud in 1877 at France to show the series to his student.

This was just like zoetrope but displays on the screen by putting a lamp on the machine and placing a glass object to reflect the image sequences on the screen.

Types of Animations:

1. Traditional Animation(TA)
2. Stop Motion Animation(SMA)
3. Computer Generated Imaginary(CGI)

Traditional Animation:

The method which was drawn by hand and placed in sequence to create illusion is called “Traditional Animation”. This process continued until CGI was introduced. After CGI, This became less popular but still continuing in different forms in animation films. This has a very long history as explained below.

In 1824, Peter Roget wrote “the scientific paper called as “The persistence of vision” which is a concept of the brain functionality about the individual images in continuous process of motion.

Persistence of Vision

The only surviving example of Popularized Cinematograph motion picture was Reynaud’s three animation picture which was displayed on October 28 1892 at Paris which was a 500frames long.

J.stuart Blackton has created a first completely stop motion animated film called as “The Enchanted Drawing” in the year of 1900AD. Soon after first animated film he directed another film after six years i.e.1906 called as “Humorous phases of funny faces” within the decade of Thomas Edison’s first invented Kinetoscope and Lumiere brothers’ cinematograph Camera in 1893 and 1894 respectively. This entire film was a stop motion animation which was drew by stuart himself one after another by erasing after taking the picture and replaced with another. This was a thirty seconds film. This makes him “The Father of American Animation”.

The next stop motion animation film was developed in 1908 by E.smith and J.Stuart Blackton which was named as “humpty dumpty circus”. In this film they used all the real time objects in the movie to use a video technique by moving the objects with invisible forces. After this, many stop motion films were started using this video technique of realistic moving object. “Haunted Mansion” was the first appreciated and inspired film at that time.

“Fantasmagorie”, The first featured film by French director Emile Cohl which was screen on 17 August 1908at Theater Du Gymnase in Paris. He was the one who spread the animation technology in the America in 1912 at Fort Lee, NewJersy, when working for Studio Éclair.

With the inspiration of Cohl, Waldyslaw Starewicz (Ladislas Starevich) released “The Cameraman’s Revenge and Other Fantastic Tales” with the concept of violence, suicide and treason between several insects. He used the stop motion animation film technique by using all real dead insects with wire limbs. This was the pioneer work of Puppet animation which was an oldest dramatic with characters motivation, desire and complexity feelings.

In 1911, Winsor McCoy released “Little Nemo” Following 1914’s “Gertie the Dinosaur” and 1918”The Sinking of the Lusitania”. These are the first animated films with the combination of live action and hand drawing animations. He also acted in the film as an artist who draws the Gertie and trains him. He used more than 10,000 drawing images to this film.

Earl Hurd, one of the John Randolph Bray’s, John Bray Studios employee created the “cel technique” which made a revolution in animation industry for a decade. This cel technique was involved by animating the moving objects on transparent celluloid sheets and then placing on stationary background image and taking the photograph before making them into sequence. After this invention the studio produced”Col Heeza Liar”, the first animation series.

In 1915, “Rotoscoping”, invented by Max and Dave Fleischer which was the used a s a reference for the later directed of films like Ko-Ko the clawn, Popeye the sailor Man, Superman, Betty Boop etc.., latern in 1918 they release “The Sinking of the Lusitania” which was based on war propaganda. In this film they used all the new animation techniques like cel technique, but film was not release until the war was completed. This rotoscope was used in many film like Looney tunes, Merrie Melodies for Warner bros, the snow white and the seven dwarfs for Disney etc..,

In 1917, ‘El Apostol” which was directed by Quirino Cristiani in Argentina which was followed by “Peludopolis” in 1931, which was a full length feature film and also the synchronized sound which is continuing up to today.

In 1920, Paramount Studios released “Felix the cat” which was attracted very huge audience in those days and the studio gave all the credit to the Felix character in the movie. This is the first film which as merchandised and became as a household name.

In the same year German artists Walter Ruttman, Hans Richter, Oskar Fischinger and Viking Eggeling invented Abstract Animation which was prevented by Nazis.

In 1923, Laugh-O-Grams studio’s was shut down because of bankrupt who was owned by Walt Disney. After that he opened a new studio at Los Angeles and their first film was “Alice Comedies” which was a combination of live action and a cartoon characters performing roles at a time. After the success of this movie Walt Disney continued working on the series of Alice with changing the last word of the title for 4 years (until 1927).

In 1924, “Song Car-Tunes” was directed Walt Disney, followed Oh Mabel in 1924, Mother, Mother, Mother Pin a Rose on Me in 1924, Goodbye My Lady Love in 1924. All these are synchronized with recorded sound also the first animated recorded sound synchronization animated film.

In 1926, “The Adventures of Prince Achmed” was animated by German animator Lotte Reiniger and Austria-Hungarian (now part of Czech Republic) Berthold Bartosch, which was a first color-tinted film.

Again in 1928, The Walt Disney came with “Steamboat Willie” in 1928 which was the third of Mickey Mouse Series. This series was developed with advanced technology in those days like post-produced sound track, featuring voice and sound effects which are printed on film itself.

In 1930, another giant animated film production company after the Walt Disney was established with the name of Warner Brothers Cartoons. WB gave freedom for their animators which allowed them to develop more recognizable personal styles which were lack in WD which strictly controls WD himself. The first featured sound film was “Peludopolis” in 1931.

Later in 1932, the first three-color Technicolor method was used in “Flowers and Trees” by WD. This movie won the Academy Award. After that color animated series became the standard for the movie.

In 1934, WB released Honeymoon Hotel, of Merry Melodies series.

In 1935, the famous “Looney Tunes” was released by Tex Avery with Warner Brother which is still popular to this day. This brought the wider audience from all ages which WD directly releases for children.

In 1937, “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs” was release with the technology of Technicolor cel animation method, which gave a huge success for WD after some failures of their releases.

After the first color television released in American market in 1951, the Hanna-BarBera released “Huckleberry Hound” in 1958 which was a half n hour television animated program, Following this “Terrytoons” released by Tom Terrific in the same year. This process continued and decreased the audiences for the theaters to watch short featured animated films.

The Important videos which changed the trend are arranged in sequence from starting to improved technological traditional animation, step-by-step:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbX-BeSY_18&list=PL4244D6AEC2ED291B

Stop Motion Animation:

Stop-Motion or Stop Frame animation is a technique of making a movement to the physically manipulated real-time object and photographing them frame by frame with single movement and continuing to the other movement of the object to create an illusion is called stop motion animation.

Types of Stop Motion Animation:

a)  Puppet animation: Using of puppet characters with real-time constructed environment.   

Eg: The Tale of Fox, The Nightmare before Christmas, etc..,

b)      Clay animation: creating of animation using clay or Plasticine or any other malleable material is called clay animation.    

Eg:  The Trap Door, The Gumby Show, The Adventure of Mark Twain etc..,

c)       Cutout animation: The animation using papers or clothes or any two dimensional moving objects is called cutout animation.   

Eg: Fantastic planet, Flying Circus, etc.,

d)      Silhouette animation: This was a different type of cutout animation in which the entire film was on black lit and only visible as silhouettes.         

Eg: The Adventure of Prince Achmed

e)      Model animation: merging of live footage and stop motion animation is called model animation.     

Eg: Mighty Joe Young (1949), The Black Scorpion (1957) etc..,

f)       Go Motion: This was a variant of model animation that creates motion blur with various techniques between frames.   

Eg: Star Wars V: The Empire Strikes Back, etc..,

g)      Object animation: The static objects like Toys, sheets, etc.., which doesn’t make sense like clay or any other objects are used to create the illusion is called object animation.

h)      Graphic animation: the non-Drawn flat visual graphic materials like photographs, newspaper clippings etc.., which can be manipulated frame by frame.    

i)        Brick film: The objects like Lego or similar brick toys to make animation are called brick animation.   

j)        Pixilation: The live species involved in stop-motion animation is called Pixilation.   

Eg: angry kid etc..,

In this technology, we can use clay, papers, mud, sand, or any real-time object to make an animation. This technology is not only for the character animation but also for the titles or in any forms can be used. This process was used for many productions of animation movies. In the movies like “The California Raisins” and “Wallace and Gromit”, different types of clothes, rubbers, plastics resins, peaches etc.., were used.

This technology were used in many comedy and action movies in those days like “King Kong” in 1933, “The 7^th Voyage of Sinbad”, comedy side news reader in many TV Channels etc..,

Computer Generated Imaginary Animation (CGI):

The process of generating digital graphic images in computer to create an illusion is called CGI animation. This animation was mostly focused on Animation but sometimes graphical films also. In this case we can completely depend on CGI characters or on the live characters.

It is divided into two different CGI animations: 2D and 3D animations

2D Animation Technology:

The 2D vector graphics or bitmap graphics which are created and edited by using computer and making an illusion is called 2D Animation. This includes the technique of onion skinning, rotoscoping, morphing etc..,it has many applications and software’s to create 2D animation. They are

Analog computer animation, Flash animation, Power point animation, ajax animator, KToon, Vectorian Giotto, Adobe after effects and flash, anime studio, Apple iAd Producer, Autodesk Animator, Digicel Flipbook, Dimp   animator, Motion, Toon Boom, Toonz etc.., These are some of the main 2D animation application software’s.

3D Animation Technology:   The process of digitally modeling, rigging, texturing, animating and rendering using 3D software’s/software applications is called 3D Animation Technology. The objects created in this structure were appears in the form of 3 Dimensional (i.e.., X, Y, Z).  The structure which may contains many vertices which control the model/structure. This technology also contains the technique which creates fur/hair, fire, water, air, clothing etc.., called as Dynamics. 3D animation created revolution in the graphical world. This technology also spread to the other fields like life science, geographical science, social science, political science, etc.., Now a days each and every field uses this technology to execute their ideas more efficiently.

This process still continues the same 12 principles to create animation which are following basic laws of physics.

12     Principles of Animation:

1. Squash and stretch: giving the sense of weight and the flexibility of an object.   
2. Anticipation: The action appearing before performing the main action is called anticipation.    
3. Staging: Highlighting and focusing on particular scene by avoiding the unnecessary activities which are mainly based on lightning, camera angle etc..,  
4. Straight ahead action and Pose to pose: completing sequence of frame by frame  is called Straight ahead and setting key for first and last frame, and filling interval keys for frames later is called pose to pose.  
5. Follow through and overlapping action: The actions performed after stopping the main action of the character like hair, clothes, etc.., This technique gives the character more realistic action.   
6. Slow in and slow out: Every object need some time to pickup and pick down or accelerate and decelerate. This also improves the realistic nature of animation.    
7. Arcs: Every object/character’s body parts moves in arc direction to improve the capability of the animation skills. This doesn’t apply for the mechanical objects which can move in straight line.  
8. Secondary action: The action which follows the primary action and which will not be noticed but plays an important role to make a scene more realistic.   
9. Timing: The time length between two frames which depends on the action makes more relevant action of the role. The time varies may vary the character irrelevant action sequences.  
10. Exaggeration: The external effects which imitates the reality for the character and balancing various elements according to the storyboard. Helps to execute more realistically and avoids the confusions of audiences.    
11. Solid drawing: Understanding the basics of the 3D shapes, weight, light, balance, shadows etc., to draw but now a day’s software provides all which works more easier way to the animator.  
12. Appeal: The charisma of a character which makes them to appeal more relevantly to the audience and make them to connect better with the character. 

The difference between traditional animation and virtual animation was the replacement of drawing with 3Dmodels. In this technology mostly the other than human characters appears like monster’s, animals, fiction characters, machines etc.., but as the technology improves the animators also attempted to create a realistic looking human characters in 3D movies like Beowulf, The polar express, Resident Evil Degeneration etc.., because of complexity of human body for emotions and interaction the attempts is much lesser than the    other characters comparatively.  Hair, clothing is some other difficult aspects while creating human. Only few movies like “Avatar” are the combine of human and animation factors with live action to create humanoid creatures.  Animation technology were widely used in Movies, Architecture, Aerospace, Biotechnology, Games, Advertisements, Automobile industry, Life science, etc.., The Pipeline of animation has been divided in to three different parts to complete the project. They are

1. Pre-Production
2.  Production
3. Post-production

Pre-Production: The first process of a pipeline which has different aspects which has to do before starting production and helps to complete the project successfully according to the story line. It contains Story-Board, Layouts, Model Sheets, Animatics, etc..,

1. Storyboard:- The very basic stage of storyline in the form of comic diagrams frame by frame which can be useful to remember the story for the entire movie, also helps to visualize the concept and also improving the textures, backgrounds and about any changes of story.  
2. Layouts: The second stage of preproduction continues after completing the storyboard. This helps to improve cosmetics, costumes, locations, sets etc.., which can improve the production quality which completing the movie.  
3. Model Sheets: The third stage of pre-production which is for finalizing the characters and their expressions. In this stage director has to finalize the model expression, camera angle for that exact scenes, etc.., so that the blue print can be sent to the modeling department to develop the character.  
4. Animatics: This was a final stage in preproduction pipeline which make to think about the betterment of visual effects, motion of the characters, animation sequences timings etc…, so that the changes can be done for the final shot. 

Production: The Second process of pipeline which has a major/actual work will perform, once only after finalizing and confirmed by the director. It has different aspects to complete the process. They are layouts, modeling, texturing, rigging, animation, lighting, dynamics, camera and rendering

       1. Layout: The process of rough work on the storyboard with low resolution models and background settings, camera angle etc.., is called production layout. This process will be a guide for the 3D modeling department under the layout artist. In this stage the director will finalize and approves the camera angles, models, depth of field, background settings, etc.., before going to the modeling department for the final models.   

2. Modeling: The process of creating 3D objects/characters by using surfaces of polygons, NURBS, Subdivision surfaces which are mastery in modeling tools. By using this process we can built/create character and set in most efficient way to get the realistic look. Before creating the character or set the modeling artist definitely need some references with the depths of the model. The image must have all references like front shade, back shade, left/right shade (neither one which can make duplicate for opposite side), neck, Arms, foot etc.., which can be either drawn by story board artist or original photo pics of the charcter.  

        3. Texturing:  The process of adding detail surface texture to a model is called texturing.  Surface of a polygon will be applied by the texture map. This is key component in production of animation. It alerts the surface appearances in unique way. We may apply illustrations as texturing maps which is also a most shading material like transparency, color, reflective etc.., In every 3D software, definitely there will be a texturing tools/painting tools to apply the texture/shades for background more efficiently and effectively with their artisan brushes. These brush tools have different types of applications which make the texture artist to modify the attribute values directly according to the model shading also improves the speed of workflow. Texturing can be done according to the storyboard or else it can be modified by the director later.  

        4. Rigging: Accompanying joints and skeletons to the 3D models for animation is called rigging. Rigging depends on the models and its movements which have to animate. This can be done by using two methods. They are Forward Kinematics (FK) and Inverse Kinematics (IK). The important task was binding the skeleton and character which makes to move the character together, also it defines the movement of characters joints, skin surface which bulge to simulate muscles. Cluster is another process of grouping the surface components as CV’s. This cluster has to animate more detail than the normal level. 

           5. Animation: The displaying of 2D/3D images or model positions in particular sequence to make an illusion with their movement is called Animation. In this process all the rigged parts has to make move according to the storyboard which was finalized by the director earlier. The facial expressions were one of the difficult tasks mostly for the human character. But some software’s provides some key divers to overcome this difficulty. The mixing of an expression for same attribute with different technique is an impossible.  

           6. Lighting: Providing the source of light to the animation body according to the scene of a story is called lighting. This plays an important role in animation/movie process where the entire project may fail in case of applying unnecessary lights or not providing sufficient light or also shadings of light which makes the animation more relevant to the realistic look. This has to be work under the special supervision of team leader or director who can visualize the lightings according to the scene. The software provides some of the inner tools for lighting. The artists are responsible for bringing individual lighting scenes and also other elements from other departments.   

7. Dynamics: The movement of a physical body according to the applied natural forces on them by following the physical rules is called Dynamics. Some of the dynamics are fire, water, clothes, hairs, fireworks, etc.., the software provides some tools to create the dynamics and some has the external application. This will be done by creating the particles in the tools and providing them the movement according to their form like water, fire, etc.., which simulates the real-world physical interaction.  

8.Camera: Setting camera (s) internally to show the sequences in different direction and in different angles according to the storyboard is called camera work. This can be edit according to the situation at any time before rendering.  

9. Rendering: The execution of the final product after confirming all the aspects of production work is called rendering. It has some more advanced techniques like scan line rendering, ray tracing, radiosity etc.., the time varies from seconds to days and week for a single frame. It has two types of methods. They are

1. Real-Time Rendering: Rendering for interactive media which displays in real-time frames from apprx. 20 to 120 frames per second  
2. Photo-Realistic Rendering: Rendering for non-interactive media such as movies, which renders much slower than real-time rendering to create illusion with speed of 20-30 frames/second is called Photo-Realistic or Non Real-Time Rendering. 

Post-Production: The final stage of pipeline of movie making/creating which refers to the tasks that has to perform after completion of production. Editing the scenes by adding or removing the footages, Voice preparations, Voice dubbings, adding sounds etc.., are some of the works in post-production. The work which has to done after completion of production is called Post-Production. The major works were Compositing, Audio-Editing and Video-Editing.

1. Compositing: Adding all the rendered elements/images which was done by the previous departments and arranging them according to the story-line/board to execute in particular sequence to complete the movie is called Compositing. The lighting also has some work while compositing the movie for the final stage.  

2. Audio-Editing: The process of assembling the selected sound recordings for the final Audio mix, Lip synchronizing, audio effects etc.., are called audio editing. They are responsible for the audio clarity, unusual sound tracks, audio lip synchronize etc..,   

3.Video-Editing: The process of handling and reassembling to create seamless final product is called Video Editing. The unwanted footage’s and scenes will be removed and adds any individual clips to arrange the video which has to flow in particular sequence according to the storyboard which was the initial and final goal of a director. After all these editing they will add the Title/name of the video like Movie name, actors, Advertisers etc..,   

Other Types of Animations:

Cel Shaded Animation: The process of copying traditional animation to remake it by using software with less blending colors is called Cel Shaded animation.

Machinima:  the process of creating films which are captured from virtual world or video games etc..,

Motion Capture: Capturing movements of live actors by wearing special suit or markers or marker less (advanced technology). Note: For more briefly, you can read in my previous work “Existence technology of Motion Capture” which has all about motion capture technologies and types.

Photo-realistic Animation: the process of creating animation to resemble real life by using advanced rendering which is a copy to be a copy of Kung-fu panda, Ice age etc..

Mechanical animation or Animatronics: The creation of mechanical objects by using mechatronics which can animate the objects rather than robotics.

Chuckimation: The process of animation which is created by the cartoon markers is caleed Chuckimation.

Drawn Animation: creation of images directly on film stock by using a technique where footage is produced is called Drawn Animation.

Glass paint animation: The images which are drawn on sheets of glass materials with slow drying oil paint which can be manipulated to make an illusion are called Glass Paint Animation.

Sand Animation:  the technique by using sand which is moving around Back or front lighted part of glass is called sand animation. The light contrast on a glass makes little bit more interesting.

Flip Book: Drawing the series of sequence images on the paper edges on a book which can be created an illusion by moving all the pages one after another rapidly.

3D animation software’s list:

Autodesk Maya, Autodesk 3DS Max, Art of Illusion, Autodesk Softimage, Blender, Cinema 4D, Autodesk Auto CAD (for Architecture, planning, designing etc..,), Google Sketch up, Houdini, I Clone, Light wave 3D,  Z-brush, Flux, etc..,  are some of the important 3D software’s.

Little Bit Important Information After Completing the Product and Before Releasing the Movie:

Censor Board: The group of social reformers appointed by government of the country(s) who provides the certificate according to the related categories of the movie and advice’s about the censors to the production company about the certifications is called Censor board. Their duties are

1. After completion of the final execution the censor board will watch the movie because they are responsible for providing the certificate for the movie which will appear at first before starting the movie.
2. Certificate will have symbols like U, U/A, A. Some cases S
   1.  Universal (U): Which represents everyone without any restrictions to any group/age people can watch the movie including the children.
   2.  Universal Under Adults Guidance(U/A): All ages can watch movie but below 12/14 years children must have the adult guidance because movie may have violence, sexual reference, infrequent languages etc..,
   3. Adults (A): Strictly restricted to Adults only. Because it may contain crude language, brutal violence, strong sex scenes, drug usages which are not suitable for minors.
   4. The special (S): This was specialized only for the special class of audiences like doctors, scientists, etc..,

1. Before the certification even single name has not be displayed on the screen, which was a major crime according to the movie certification law.
2. Symbols has to be named even on the posters or any movie related articles like promos etc.,
3. In promos before censor certification they have to mention as “Film has yet to be certified”.

References:

1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=X0hVEH4se-0
2. http://www.slideshare.net/ksumatarted/history-of-animation
3. http://atec.utdallas.edu/midori/Handouts/history.htm
4. http://news.discovery.com/tech/the-history-of-animation-gotta-see-video-120824.htm
5. http://movies.about.com/od/animatedmovies/a/history-animated-films.htm
6. http://www.personal.psu.edu/hqh5011/art002/assignment7.html
7. http://olafurandri.com/nyti/papers2009/AnimatedCartoons.pdf
8. http://www.ehow.com/about_6616063_history-animation-technology.html
9. http://www.arena-multimedia.com/blog/index.php/animation-techniques/
10. http://www1.chapman.edu/ftvtutorials/3dAnimationProductionWorkflow.pdf
11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation
12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation
13. http://cg.tutsplus.com/articles/step-by-step-how-to-make-an-animated-movie/
14. https://kalyankrishna4886.wordpress.com/2010/11/01/autodesk-maya/
15. https://www.google.co.in/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi

 

PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism: The word which is mostly used in journalism and university student assignment for their self motivation on the topic which they should not copy from other person which means to the offence of the copyright act.

Definition: The representation of some one’s own original work with their words, thoughts and language with wrongful appropriation and purloining and publication is called as Plagiarism.

This idea was still a problematic because of their unclear definitions and rules. But it was considered as a academic dishonesty and breach of journalistic ethics. And it may subject to the temporary/permanent ban on the student or journalist.

History: “Plagiaries” and “plagiam” are a related Latin word which is mean by kidnapper and kidnapping. These words came into existence when a roman poet (Martial) was complained about other poet stating that “the poet was kidnapped his verses” in about 1^st century.  In 1601, Ben Johnson, the famous dramatist was described as someone guilty of literary theft for plagiarism. Plagiarism was not mentioned as either criminal or civil in any current statue but in some cases it may be treated as unfair competition or moral rights violation due to copyright offences which are criminal activity because of their advanced technology of availability of intellectual property. Copyright infringement and plagiarism are different concepts which apply to particular act. Plagiarism was a false claim of authorship and copyright act was a misuse of others work which may be damage their reputation.

Plagiarism was not illegal towards author but towards reader, patron/teacher it is. False claiming of authorship is still considered as plagiarism even though copyright has expired. Plagiarism was a serious concern mostly in education and in Journalism.

In academic (education):   It is considered as a serious concern in the academics as a academic dishonesty/fraud for student, professors or researchers. These plagiarized persons may be subject to a censure or expulsion or may be both. This was unacceptable even though it was written without your knowledge about proper citation in your data. The internet development made physical act of work copying of others in very easier way where articles are in electronic text format. Plagiarism by professors and researchers, sanctions a ranging from suspension and termination along with loss of credibility and perceived integrity. But charges against student and professors are ranging by the agreement between them. But most probably plagiarism by students will be considered as a very serious offence which may concerns punishments like failing grade (may be particular assignment or in entire course) or may be even expelled from the institution. The range of punishment may be varying based on Severity of the plagiarism and it increases or hardens as the student promotes to the higher grades. For a repeated plagiarism of student may commits to suspension or expulsion.

Journalism: It is considered as a great crime also considered as a scandal of journalistic ethics. Reporters who caught plagiarizing may typically face disciplinary actions which may ranging from suspension to employment termination. Plagiarism in journalism has centuries of history. It is an offence even though there is plagiarized unintentionally without mentioning the appropriate citation/quotation. There are many different types of plagiarism are developed in the type.

Different Types of Plagiarism:

1. Direct copying of other’s work as word to word without changing a single word is called Clone Plagiarism.
2. One’s own work by adding some sources directly without making any alterations to the data of the original work is called controlled copying plagiarism or CTRL-c Plagiarism.     
3. Creating a single source by copying multiple materials from multiple sources is called Mash up Plagiarism.
4. The reuse of his own work which was identical or near to the identical or significant portions is called self Plagiarism or Recycling plagiarism. These are also called as duplicate publications.
5. The data having the same meaningful work without the original words of the source is called Aggregator Plagiarism.
6. The work which was copied directly by changing a few main portions of work or changing of keywords is called as Find & Replace Plagiarism.
7. The work which has copied directly without making any alterations to the source file also including source address in the data is called Hybrid Plagiarism.
8. Making of data which is nearly and closely related to the original’s work is called as Re-Tweet Plagiarism.
9. The copying of data from one or more sites and putting all those stuff in one website or blog without taking permission from original site owner or source owner is called Internet plagiarism. Now days we have many options to overcome the internet plagiarism by disabling copying option or right click option or displaying of unidentified word when copied or warning messages etc…

Note:

1. In academic before starting the classes or assignments the teachers should explain the students about different types of plagiarism and also how to overcome this problem?
2. In journalism: The Company Management/Team Leader’s has to explain or should conduct seminars to the employees frequently about the plagiarism which is a serious crime in journalism world also which may damage the companies’ policies and good Renown.
3. Teachers or students or professors or researchers or more may check their work with plagiarism software or online plagiarism checkers for free of cost to overcome from the plagiarism crime.

Some of plagiarism Software or sites:

Software’s: IThenticate, Viper, Plagiarism Checker X, AntiPlagiarist, Plagiarism Finder, Desktop Plagiarism Checker, Copycat, Plagiarism Finder, Anti Cut and Paste, Iwatermark etc…

Sites:

1. https://www.writecheck.com/static/home.html
2. http://smallseotools.com/plagiarism-checker/
3. http://www.dustball.com/cs/plagiarism.checker/
4. http://www.plagiarismchecker.com/
5. http://www.copyscape.com/
6. http://www.plagscan.com/seesources/analyse.php
7. https://www.writecheck.com/static/plagiarism_checker.html
8. http://www.plagium.com/
9. http://plagiarism-detect.com/

References:

1. http://www.plagiarism.org/
2. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/
3. http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/plagiarism/
4. http://library.acadiau.ca/tutorials/plagiarism/
5. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plagiarism
6. http://kidshealth.org/kid/feeling/school/plagiarism.html
7. http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/plagiarism.html
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism
9. http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/papers/alfrey.html

THE VAMAN

Abstract:  This paper outlines the aims and objective of my individual Final project which has undertaken as part of my MSc. Computer Animation Technology at Leeds Metropolitan University. Through this module i would like to deliver my animation skills, thus i would like to animate a Characters according to the Story Board, so am taking an 3d animation platform for this project.

General Terms:
Documentation, Design, Experimentation, Human Factors.

Keywords: Pre-Production, Production, Post-Production,  Technology, Cohesion.

Tools: Autodesk Maya 2011, Adobe Photoshop cs2.

Overview: The project is completely based on the movement of the characters according to the Script. In this process of animation i have decided to make all of my work completely based on 3D technology. Am using key frame animation technique.

Project Objectives and Aims:

Environment: The Palace environment with Throne, Knife, etc…,

Animation: Key Frame Animation

Lighting: Based on the Background environment.

Topic Research:

The title vaman indicates the god soul deity of India sub continent named Vamana avatharm. He was one of the dasavathara’s which has been taken by the lord vishnu to demolish the demons to protect the universe and deities to estabilish the Dharma. After the killing great demon king hirankasipu the son of kashyapa and  diti to save the dharma and to protect the world from his abilities. After that the kingdom has been ruled by his son prahlada the devotee of vishnu and than his son virochana. After virochana Bali became as a king. He was famous for his truthfullness. But by doing so many dharma’s like yagna and yagas (holy fire festival) his powers has been increased. So he got more confidance that he cant be destroyed by any deity. Once he decided to occupy the entire universe including the heaven and hell to rule and occupied. So the indra (god of thunder), Agni( god of fire), Vayuh(god of air), Varuna(God of rain), Kubera( god of wealth), etc…, went and request their mother athithi. So adithi prayed lord vishnu for the help. Lord vishnu gave promise that he is going to born as child to her as a name of vamana. After 6 years, completing his upanayanam (thread cermony) he went to the king who was doing yagas and presenting the people what ever they want. When king saw this little child coming to ask presents he promised to give any thing in this entire universe and also offered him gold, kingdoms, palaces etc.., but the child rejected every thing and asked three foot steps of land which is lengthen by his foot. so King bali promised but the shukracharya the teacher of king tried to stop Because shukracharya know that the vamana in a formation of god, but king doesn’t want to diobey his truthfull ness and his promise. So he promised to that kid. Than after taking promise the vanama started growing very huge as a lord vishnu and occupied all the universe in two steps and asked bali for his third step. So bali bowed his head to the vishnu and asked him to keep his foot on his head as a third step. So vishnu kept his leg on bali’s head and pressed to pathala lok(hell) and made him a king there because of his truthfullness.

This is the main story about vaman but to my convinence i have changed the story but not theme to my project for research practice.

Animation: The Animation is a term of creating an illusion of movement through displaying frames or images rapidly in certain time.

The animation is developed as per the time and technology. But the base for animation was started erlier i.e.., more than 6oooyrs in which they used the characters manually to play the roles or in paintings. These animations have been differentiated into three different types. They are

• Traditional Animation
• Stop Motion Animation     and
• Computer Animation

In the above three animation technologies each and every type has many other different types which are totally independent to each other. In present day animation technology we are using mostly Clay animation, Key Frame Animation, Motion Capture and flip animation more than others.

Computer Animation: The computer animation is the process of creating and animating the frames digitally to create an illusion in certain time. This technology has been divided into two different types. They are

• 2D Animation
• 3D Animation

In this above types we use 3D technology to get the realistic look for the characters. In this technology we use to model, rigging, texturing etc.., to get real characters. After completing the modelling, rigging, texturing than the animation process will be started. This have many types of animation techniques, in that key frame animation plays some of the important role which makes to edit all parts of the rigged characters independently as per the story board.

Key Frame Animation:   

  This is a simplest form of animating object. This is a standard animation method which can be controlled by the frames and animate them in between two keys and to get the soft movements. This works as based on the notion that beginning state or condition which changes by time in position, form, luminosity etc..,

In this animation technique we must set a path of key frames or conditions which describe the conditions of the transformation object.

   

The above images show the key framing animation techniques which 1^st image showing the starting point of keying and 2^nd showing after moving frame to its destiny. In 3^rd image it shows the process of tweening of the process.

My Story Line:

1. The cruel demon occupies all the land.
2. He has only one weakness that he stands for his promises.
3. One day when he is wandering in his royal garden a kid comes to him to ask him for protection.
4. So the demon promises the kid, that he will kill the person who is responsible for his suffer.
5. So the kid says that he (demon) is the responsible for his (kid) suffer because he (demon) killed his (kid) father.
6. So as per his promise the demon king kills himself.

Description:

                        I have shortened the story and changed to avoid the unreality to understand by the present generation kids as well as to avoid the unwanted characters and modules.

Progress:

During this project, i had completed Story boarding, modelling, texturing, lighting, camera work, rendering. As so far i had completed all the above terms after completing my research on the epic.

Story Board:

Environment

Palace model:   

 Images:   

Description

These are the characters which i have taken to animate as per my storyboarding. By using all these above characters am animating the project with Autodesk Maya 2011 software. I did the textures work by using Adobe Photoshop cs2 and Maya 2011. The lightening and rendering are also did in Maya software.

Conclusion   

                   During the project i had developed the animated characters for the epic story by using Adobe Photoshop cs2, Autodesk Maya. As the main Objectives are to produce a based on realistic story, palace, Environment to get the best look also the remaining parts like characters animation are doing with Autodesk Maya 2011 to get a quality because of the advanced keys. I put my maximum effort to get the quality clip of animation.

For the modelling of Palace i have used Low-poly method and for texturing have been edited by using Photoshop cs2. Finally to get the better quality project i had taken many references as i can, so that to avoid the mistakes while texturing and rendering.

This project also presents a detailed research on key frame animation which has taken to get the stylistic to complete the project objectives, so that it is important to follow a perfect animation type in order to complete the selected animation story.

Videos:

My Project Poster:

Reference

1.    http://www.arch.virginia.edu/arch545/handouts/keyframing.html
2.    http://www.indianetzone.com/13/vamana_purana.htm
3.    http://www.ruchiskitchen.com/kids/stories/avtaars/vamana.htm
4.   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZJ_jaYrZ7Y
5.   http://www.google.co.uk/images?um=1&hl=en&biw=1024&bih=667&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=vamana+avatar&aq=0&aqi=g3g-s1g4&aql=&oq=vamana+
6.   https://kalyankrishna4886.wordpress.com/2010/11/01/autodesk-maya/ (my blog)
7.   http://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/PG15/
8.    http://www.indianminiaturepaintings.co.uk/Kalighat_collection_31110.html
9.    http://www.onamfestival.org/king-mahabali-onam.html
10.  http://www.creativecrash.com/maya/downloads/character-rigs/c/tiny–2
11.  http://www.creativecrash.com/maya/downloads/character-rigs/c/sinka-rig

Completed Work :

During the process the pics has been changed to suit the story line. The total Video was 1.17 min of animation. The below listed videos was my animation (main) and another was promo (30sec).

My Business Card:

Please give me a feed back to improve myself.

Thanks In Advance,

Task-3: Indian Village Model In Computer Technologies

Hello,

Am going to Model the “Indian Traditional Village Environment” for task-3. I have mentioned the word “Traditional” because there are two types of villages are there in India. They are developing and underdeveloped which is even unknown for Government. My design is Under developed village which is not even having basic facilities for the people like roads, telecommunications, water supply, hospital etc.., but they  built everything by their own with neighbour’s help and lives happily than others because of their helpfulness and their Culture. For this am using Autodesk Maya 2011 for modelling, Rendering and Texturing. Also am using Adobe Photoshop CS3 for Texturing with Mental Ray in Maya.

I have taken some references from images which is downloaded from google Images and some are my childhood memories which i saw my self near my Village.

Reference Images:

Main modelling reference Image

                                                               Thank You,

Processing Model Images:

House-1

House-2

Environment set-1

worked Images:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Task 03, Mad Elephant In Animation Technology

Hello,

For Task 3, i have chosen to animate elephant which behaves like mad after eating some alcoholic fruits. I had downloaded rigged elephant character from net and created the environment by myself. For the animation am using MAYA software.

Story Line:

• Tired Elephant coming towards “Ripe Marula” fruit tree to eat fruits.
• It finds some fruits at the top of the tree.
• So it hits the tree with the top centered trunk for the fruits.
• fruits falls down.
• elephant eats it.
• After eating marula fruits it behaves strangely like walking randomly i.e.., abnormal walking like drunken men because of alcoholic contents in the fruits.

• It destroys some of the trees in subconcious state and falls down for sleep.

Refer Images:

Images:-

Video’s:-

For some other movements of elephant-

Task-2: Working Animation Technology

Hello,

This is the work, which is presently am doing about the alien controller. I have taken a small clip as reference from the movie Alien Vs Predators which is watching the pyramid from the space ship. But in my project I doing that as a alien boy just watching the earth from his land by rounding it as a ball and tries to control it with his magnetic powers just like the mutant do in X men-2, based on these references am doing this work.  Modeling and rigging are finished and am working on animation and texture. Am doing these work by using Auto Desk MAYA software.

Alien watching and identifying their destination

Viewing the plan which has to be implement

Mutant Controlling another with her magnetic powers

Also am doing another work in 3dsmax which is titled as “can’t escape from death”. That the person escaping from the bullet balls which was releasing from mechanical automated gun. I have taken the references from the movie called Matrix where the main character escaping from the bullets which was shot by the killer.

Escaping From the bullets which shot by killer

My works:

Alien  sphere controller:

1.

2. shot-2

Death Escape Shooting:

1. Aiming Bullets

2. first Escape

3. Target Reaching

4. Shot Dead

Reference video’s:

Task1-Existence Technology of Motion Capture

Introduction: I Think most of us know about Motion Capture Technology. There are different types of Motion capture technologies we use in our work.  Presently we are using Marker less Motion Capturing Technology in the gaming industry and security tracking system. These are not yet completely introduced film industry because of some disqualifications. Let us discuss about this later and now let discuss about basic Motion capturing.  Motion capture is a technology which is used to capture the movement of the body and translating it to the digital form. This technology is also called as mocap or Motion tracking.  This process is most probably used for military and sports as a tool for bio mechanic research which focuses on function of the body. Presently Procedure is used in many fields like medical application, entertainment, Robotics etc..,.

The procedure of motion capture for computer character in animation or digital field is relatively new and have began in 1970’s, but now it is wide spreading. This method is similar to the Rotoscoping which is used by Disney studios in early years   1970’s. Ascension, Polhemus, SuperFluo, etc.., have released some commercial motion tracking systems for computer animation. In addition to this the animation software companies like Softimage have integrated to their product creating: Off-the-Shelf. Yet there are many problems to be solved. By Developing the technology improves and overcome these issues and makes motion capture as one of the basic tool for the animators and filmmakers.  This helps us to create a realistic character in computer by capturing the motion of the real live character.

Polar express, Beowulf and Avatar are the best examples of motion capturing techniques. There are two methods of motion capture we are using. They are optical and non-optical systems.

Optical systems: In this system we use most probably special equipment like dress, markers etc.., to capture the motion of the live character.

These will are different types like-

Passive marker: In this method we use markers to reflect a light back,which are coated with retro reflective material which near to the camera lens and also ignore skin and fabric.

Active marker: This method is used to triangulate positions by illuminating led with the help of software’s to identify their relative positions because the makers itself reflects light.

Time modulated active marker: This is the process of manipulating the amplitude or pulse width of tracked markers to provide ID to make the process easily.

Semi-passive imperceptible markers: This can be reserve by the high speed capturing cameras.

Non-optical systems: In this technology we have three types of systems for the motion capturing. They are

Inertial Systems: This technology is based on the miniature inertial sensors, algorithm of sensor fusion and biomechanical models. This transmits the data to the system wirelessly where the motion of the capture recorded. These are having more sensitive and greater resolution than the wired controllers.

Mechanical Motions: The systems tracks body joint angles directly and referred as            exo-skeleton motion system due to the sensors. These are real-time, relatively easy and low cost, free-of-occlusion and wireless.

Magnetic Systems: These are relative magnetic flux of three orthogonal coils on both transmitters and receivers by calculating their positions.

Marker less Motion Capture:

This is the present existence technology in the motion capture technology which can indicates every motion of a body and sends the information to the system which is capturing the data. It doesn’t need any artificial wears or tracking markers.

Organic Motion Stage (O.M) is a type of motion capturing we use in marker less technique. This is the world’s first commercial marker less motion capture system which allows us to track the movements of the body or character easily and also it complete the tasks like calibration, set up and  highly accurate system tracking which performs tasks in seconds. Presently we are using passive reflective markers, inertial sensors and active led’s which is relying on tracking. But this OM works on software’s like IPI STUDIO, SIGGRAPH etc.., These are developed at Max Planck Institute, Stanford, MIT, Maryland university. The special algorithms are designed to analyze multiple streams for input to identify the forms of character. Then it breaks them into different constituent parts for tracking. The main disadvantage in this process is it can’t recognize the body which having more fast movements like waving of cloth etc. This should get better and faster with time.

Radical New System is a stage which redefines motion capture for the animation and entertainment industries for the transparent production tool. This is most probably uses in animators, game developers and for special effects and empowers more powerful creative results for the developers. This stream transfer’s 3D motion data into Motion Builder (Autodesk) which generates its own Mesh characters also textures frames one by one. So that the most complex motions, photo realistic avatars, real-time pre-Visualizer many other  can be generates at a time with less budget and time can saved. The option s of the organic motion are becoming available as a result of data capturing and real-time 3D scanning information will be available in future which can expands motion capture. Using this technology (IPI Studio) we will be able to capture at any place like offices, homes, studios or any locations with digital camera and convert them into motion capture animation in their systems.

movement with the live character

modeling character

Tracking the bone movements of live character

Advantages:

1. No need to use artificial body suit or markers.
2. Performs operation in seconds.
3. Instantly generates real-time 3D data also functions as a real-time 3D scanner.
4. Produces 3D meshed and textured characters’ instantly and upgrades path to multiple actors and exact fingered tracking.
5. Flows into real-time leading animation software’s like Autodesk motion builder etc..,.
6. This will be easy and suites for Students, Animators, Studios etc..,

Disadvantages:

1. This is harder to interpret than explicit model.
2. Model doesn’t Accurate the original body or character.
3. The movement of the Textures like dresses, a hair etc…, of the character doesn’t look natural.

Conclusion: According to my knowledge these are some of the disadvantages which can be overcome by developing the software with time. May this type of motion captures help in future for the animators or film makers or educators etc.., to expand their ideas within the estimated budget and time can be saved.

Some Videos Of Motion Capturing In Films:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wK1Ixr-UmM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6fa_1yOKVk&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnOeixfWLcs&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKwuD1Br6M4

References:

1. http://www.motioncapturedata.com/2009/05/motion-capture-technology.html

2. http://img.youtube.com/vi/rKPrYftacFg/0.jpg

3.http://greatdance.com/danceblog/archives/motion_tracking/

4. http://film-take.blogspot.com/

5. http://www.screenrush.co.uk/news/films/news-18488527/

6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_capture

7.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKwuD1Br6M4

8.http://www.sfu.ca/~mya7/iat445/research.html

9. http://www.news-gate.info/tag/fantasy-novel/

10. http://www.inition.co.uk/inition/dispatcher.php?action=get&model=products&URL_=product_mocaptrack_organicmotion_stage&SubCatID_=84&tab=blurb

11. http://www.techradar.com/news/computing/markerless-motion-capture-hits-the-uk-426535

12. https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~stefanoc/Markerless/Markerless.html

13.http://creativemac.digitalmedianet.com/articles/viewarticle.jsp?id=54623

14. http://www.metamotion.com/software/iPiSoft/Markerless-Motion-Capture_iPiSoft-iPi_Studio.html

15.http://www.tischasia.nyu.edu.sg/object/organicmotion.html

16. http://www.ime.cmc.osaka-u.ac.jp/~nakazawa/wiki/index.php?Research

17. http://w.videowap.tv/video/vwliqDSRkyE/LILA-Live-Interactive-Lifelike-Avatar-Inition-Markerless-Motion-Capture-Avatar-System.html

<!–[if gte mso 9]> Normal 0 false false false EN-IN X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 <![endif]–><!–[if gte mso 9]> <![endif]–><!–[if gte mso 10]> <!–[endif]–> 

SixthSense Technology

Introduction: The combination of Physical world with the Digital world is the technology which is used in Sixth sense Technology. Normally we have five senses which are Taste, touch, hearing, smell, and sight. But the Sense which is a colloquial term for the faculties of extra-sensory perception (ESP), which is an ability of receiving and sending information to five senses are called Sixth sense. The technology which was developed using this sixth sense is called sixth sense technology.

This technology was developed by Mr. Pranav Mystry a student from India pursuing PhD in Fluid Interfaces Group at the MIT Media Lab.

This technology was similar to the Telepointer, which is a neck worn camera or projector system which was developed by Media Lab Student Steve Mann.This is a prototype combination of pocket projector, mirror, color markers and a camera contained in a pedant like wearable device.

This technology is a multi-touch and multi-user interaction. Pocket mobile computing device will be used to connect projector and camera for the projection of visual information enabling surfaces like wall or any physical objects around us which can be visible clearly. So the camera recognizes and tracks user’s hand gestures and can be visible using computer-vision based techniques. The computer based software program will be used for processing of technique which is captured by the camera and tracks the location of the coloured markers at the tip of the fingers of user’s hand.

Multi-Controlling  System

News Reading

The coloured markers are the visual tracking fiducials which is used to run the program. Fiducials are used for the reference of the standard measurements, the movements and arrangements of these are interpreted into gesture which acts as interaction instructions for the projected application interfaces.  This source code will be released under Open Source.

Methods of using:

1.      Used to draw on any surface by tracking fingertips.

http://www.pranavmistry.com/projects/sixthsense/images/full/sixthsense03.jpg

2. Zooming of maps or any documents and navigating them by using hand gestures which is displayed on nearby surface.

http://psychedelicadventure.blogspot.com/2009/03/sixthsense-technology-minority-report.html

3.      It helps to create 3D constructions and building, and modelling of characters easily.

http://psychedelicadventure.blogspot.com/2009/03/sixthsense-technology-minority-report.html

4. The system recognizes user’s free hand gestures, icons or symbols drawn in air, dialing phones on hands etc..,  with index finger.

http://trendclub.ru/blogs/futurodrom/1344

5.  The framing gesture takes a picture and can be displayed on any surface by the user.

http://engineeringhq.info/engineering/sixth-sense-pranav-mistry-changing-the-way-we-interact-with-the-world

6. Controlling System on surfaces or on glass or on air.

http://trendclub.ru/blogs/futurodrom/1344

6. Some other tasks like profile checking,  Notifications verifying etc..,

http://www.gsmdome.com/technology/sixth-sense-technology-is-better-than-microsofts-2019-tech_4745

Some Seminar and Experimental Video’s:

1.

2.

3.

4.

References:

1. http://www.ixibo.com/2009/03/sixth-sense-technology/

2. http://psychedelicadventure.blogspot.com/2009/03/sixthsense-technology-minority-report.html

3. http://trendclub.ru/blogs/futurodrom/1344

4. http://engineeringhq.info/engineering/sixth-sense-pranav-mistry-changing-the-way-we-interact-with-the-world

5. http://interactivemultimediatechnology.blogspot.com/2009/03/blog-post.html

6. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQEHtvNsfKE&feature=related

7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVogrrJFKzE&feature=related

Satellite

Introduction: Satellite is an object which placed in orbit, which is also called as Artificial Satellite to make a difference from natural satellite like moon. Sputnik-1 was the first artificial satellite which was launched on 4^th October 1957 by Soviet Union.

Explanation: There are many satellites are placed in orbit for different purposes like communication satellite, Navigation satellite, Military satellites, Research satellites, weather satellites etc…,. Satellites are semi-independent which is controlled by computers at space centers. These are classified as polar orbit, earth orbit, geostationary orbit which based on their purposes.

Types: There are many types of satellite services we use in our daily life. The military and
Intelligence security service satellites are the secrete satellites which data cannot be known for others.

http://www2.nict.go.jp/w/w114/tfmp/ETS-8/section_hp_ets8_english2.html

The remaining types are

Non-military Satellites:- Fixed Satellite services, mobile satellite systems and Scientific research satellites are the main basic satellites which is used for many tasks like data, voice, vehicles, ships, signals of aircraft’s, metro-logical information, atmospheric research, marine science, etc..,.

Bio-satellite: These are used for the purpose of carrying living organisms to the space. The first living passenger sent to space was Laika the dog in sputnik-2 by Soviet Union on 3^rd November 1957.

Navigational Satellites: These are used for radio time signals for mobile services on the ground. Example: – mobile phones, tom-tom in cabs, etc..,

http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/GLONASS.html

Communication Satellites: These are used for Tele-communication purpose. Presently we are using geosynchronous orbits for these services.

http://jjy.nict.go.jp/mission/page3-e.html

Present Situation on space: After first satellite launching more than 50 countries launched thousands of satellites on orbit but hundreds of satellites are failed due to some communications or other reasons. So only few hundred satellites are currently operating on orbit.

Space Centers: There are many satellite stations with launching capabilities are there like National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), European Space Agency (ESA), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), etc…,.

Present Day Implementing satellite: The remaining satellites which are expired or damaged are left in orbit, This can be overcome by merging the some features of other satellites to one.  Example: merging the features of Atmospheric satellite, earth observation satellite, whether satellites, non-military satellites in one because these satellites works similar. Telecommunication satellites, Radio satellites, Research satellites merging as one based on their features.

This was first proposed by the ISRO in 1983 and still the work is running by many stations to get the possibilities. Example:

http://www.reachintegrated.com/newsroom_details.asp?id=31

 

Future satellite:

This can be overcome by merging the some features of other satellites to one. Example: merging the features of Atmospheric satellite, earth observation satellite, whether satellites, non-military satellites in one because these satellites works similar. Telecommunication satellites, Radio satellites, Research satellites merging as one based on their features.

Uses:

1.This costs less when comparing with construction of many satellites.

2.Improves the technology from chip level to micro-chip level.

3.Decreasing the pollution of space shuttles on orbit and increases the communication and sharing technological information between countries.

4. The living organism can be served better from the natural disasters like earthquake, volcano’s etc..,

Images:

Video’s:

[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54MSV2B399o&NR=1]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54MSV2B399o&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7f2c6Ttt1c

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1dq69GC6C8&feature=related

Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite

http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/main.html

http://www.isro.org/satellites/geostationary.aspx http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/artificial_satellites_worldbook.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_agencies

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7f2c6Ttt1c

AutoDesk MAYA

Introduction of MAYA: 

MAYA is an application software which is used for 3D designing in different modules like modelling, rigging, texturing, animation, rendering, match moving, compositing and visual effects. It was named after the word MAYA a Sanskrit which means an Illusion. This product was developed by Media and Entertainment division (formerly Alias) of Autodesk in Toronto. This application will be used in many industries like TV, FILM, Gaming, Architectural and Planning.

                                        Autodesk is a multinational corporation in San Rafael, California, United States Of America which focused on 2D and 3D designing software products for Multi-Media, Engineering, Manufacturing, Planning, Architecture etc.., which was established in the year of 1982 by Carl Bass founder, president and CEO, John Walker the co-author of AutoCAD (earlier Architectural Desktop) software which is a flagship of Autodesk and other twelve products. By adding to this Autodesk developed a Digital Prototyping Solutions to simulate, visualize and analyze real-world performance in building information modelling. Autodesk also provided digital media creation management software for media industry for the purpose of visual effects, editing, animation, gaming, colour grading etc..,.

Products of Autodesk: –   Autodesk Platform Solutions and Emerging Business division developed many other products like AutoCAD LT, AutoCAD Freestyle, Geospatial solutions, Plant solutions etc..,.  Autodesk started its Media and Entertainment Division in 1999 after the merging of Kinetix and Alias which is developer of 3D graphics technology also acquired Softimage brand from AVID. The main products of Autodesk for entertainment and media are Maya, 3DS Max, Flame, Softimage, Discreet Smoke etc.., which also won Academy Awards.

MAYA was developed by the culmination of three line i.e.., Advanced Visualizer of Wave front, Thomson Digital Image (TDI) explore and Power Animator of Alias. All these are purchased by Silicon Graphics Incorporated (SGI) and produced one single source code. In 1990’s Hollywood movies used these combination tools for modelling, 3D animation, Rendering from Alias, Softimage and Photorealistic Render Man respectively for many movies like Jurassic Park, Terminator 2, The Abyss etc..,. At the time of merging Alias and Wavefront were working on next Generation Software which had taken Macintosh product “Alias Sketch”. The Code name for this product is MAYA. It was developed in the close collaboration with Walt Disney Feature Animation during the production of Dinosaur. This helped the software to become an industry standard with many upgrading features. Maya developed the language MEL (Maya Embedded Language) which is similarity to Unix Shell language by moving to Tcl as a scripting language. In 2003 Alias Wavefront was renamed as Alias and sold to Autodesk on 10 January 2006 and it was renamed as Autodesk Maya. It won many academy awards for “Scientific and Technical Achievement” citing use on every feature using 3D computer generated images.

Versions Of Autodesk Maya:

Autodesk has released many versions(almost 29 ver upto today) of Maya up to now.The Auto desk Maya has started its evolution in media industry long back ago with Alias/wave-front Maya, when world even don’t have much idea about software’s and importantly on media software’s. These versions are, Alias/wave-front Maya 1.0 on February 1998, and continued up-to Alias/wave-front Maya 5.0 on may 2003.After that, name was changed and released as only Alias Maya 5.0.1 up to alias Maya 7.0.1 on December 2005. Were, Alias/wave-front Maya 3.5 on October 2001 and 3.5.1 on September 2002  works only on Mac OS X only and Alias/wave-front Maya 4.0 on June 2001,doesn’t support on Mac OS X systems. The first complete compatible version with present name as Maya was released as Maya 8.0(ver.8.0) on August 2006 which has solved many problematic issues of animation production field. This version became very popular than the previous versions and it continues as Maya 8.5(ver.8.5) on 15 January 2007, Maya 2008(ver.9.0) on September 2007, Maya 2009(ver.10.0) on August 2008, Maya 2010(ver.11.0) on August 2009 and Maya 2011(ver.12.0) on 6 April 2010, Maya 2012 on April 2011 and another product which is a subscription advantage pack released on September 2011, Maya 2013 on April 2012 and recently Maya 2014 was released and it was the present upgraded version of Auto desk Maya Products. Auto desk Maya has released new version which has most advanced features which has not available in the previous versions and also updating the present tools in the software to make the software more user friendly. But as versions increases, the hardware and operating system of the system has to be improve or upgrade as per the requirement. Because the Maya was and some other products of Auto desk Products like 3ds Max, etc.., were called as heavy software’s.

Maya originally released for IRIX OS, and then ported to Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows but later Maya supporting was discontinued for IRIX after the release of its 6.5 Version. Openness to third party software is the important feature Of Maya which stripes the software completely to its standard appearance and only using of kernel, transforms it into highly customized version.  The MEL is provided not only as Scripting Language but also to customize Maya’s core functionality written with much tools, commands, environments which makes animators to add functionality without any experience in any computer languages like C, C++, Java etc.., addition to this Python scripting was added to 8.5 version. The core of Maya was written in C++. The projects in Maya can be saved in .mb and .ma formats which is standard Maya binary and Maya ASCII respectively which is human readable file which is containing all geometry and  animation data also which is editable in any text editor out of Maya application.

Maya 2014

MODULES:

  In Maya application we can perform different types of Modules like Modelling, Texturing, Rigging, Animation, Lighting, Dynamics (visual effects), Camera, Rendering etc..,

 Modelling:  Modelling is a process of creating 3D surfaces of characters and objects using surface type’s polygons, NURBS, Subdivision surfaces which is keen visual skills and mastery in modelling tools. In this each surface has its own benefits and characteristics.

Polygons: Polygon surfaces are a network of equal or more than three sided flat surfaces which are called as faces and get connected to create poly-mesh. Meshes are comprised of edges, faces and vertices.  The wireframe on meshes are called edges of each face.  The bounded regions of edges are called faces. Intersect of those edges are called vertex. Polygon edges can be set to appear smooth or hard. Polygons are the preferred surface for many 3D applications like games, web applications etc.., because it has less amount of data which can render quickly, speedily and interactive performance to end user in gaming and other applications.

NURBS:  NURBS means Non-Uniform Rational B-splines which are characterized by smooth organic forms. This is a method of using mathematical describing curves and surfaces which suits to 3D applications. It is used in industrial and automotive design purpose because of its quick modelling and editing techniques with many applications. It is an ideal to define smooth motion path for animated objects also this can be convert from surface modelling to poly mesh.

Subdivision Surfaces: These are hybrid surface type which possesses characteristics of both Polygons and NURBS. This also capable of producing smooth organic forms and can edit by using its control vertices.

Maya Modeling

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Maya Set Modeling

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Texturing:  Mapping of texture is a key component in the production of 3D Technology workflow.  Texturing maps are images which are applying in accurate position on the surfaces called texturing mapping, it alerts the appearance of surfaces in unique way. To get an interesting backdrop in our scenes we can use illustrations as texturing maps which also be the most shading attributes for a surface material like colour, reflective, transparency, specular, etc..,. In Maya by default we have some texturing tools which makes to texture background effectively which is known as painting tools and these are categorised into three like Maya artisan brush tools, 3D paint tools, Maya Paint effect tools. In these artisan brush tools have a variety of applications which allows us to modify attribute values directly. It allows us to improve the speed of workflow.

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Rigging:  Rigging is a general term used for 3D models to accompany joints and skeletons for animation. It is dependent on the model which is to be animated and its form of movements. The movements can be done by using FK and IK (Forward Kinematics and Inverse Kinematics). Binding of skeleton and character is an important task which makes both to move together. It also defines movements of character’s joints and skin surface bulge to simulate muscles. The method of grouping surface components as CV’s into sets are called cluster which has to be animated more detailed level.  

Animation:  The rapid display of a sequence of 2D or 3D images of artwork or model position in order to create a movement by illusion is called animation. Maya provides a large number of selection tools for animation. Expressions are very important and difficult task. So in Maya it offers alternative to set driven key to overcome the difficulty. Unlike this process it does not use any animation curves to define the animation of attributes and can be create for any purpose which can be change randomly, rhythmically or incrementally over time. But it is not possible to mix an expression with other techniques in animation for same attribute on an object like set driven key or path animation or key framing etc…, in Maya we can do different types of animations

1. Key frame animation: It transforms objects or skeleton over time by setting key frames.
2. Driven key animation: It links and drives attribute of an object with another object by setting driven keys.
3. Nonlinear animation: It makes to split, blend and duplicates the clips of animation to achieve motion effects.
4. Path animation: It animates the object through the curve which has been set by attaching to it.
5. Motion capture animation: To get an realistic motion to the characters it makes us to import motion capture data which can be applicable.
6. Layered animation: It creates and blends animation on separate layers without modifying an animation layers in sequence without altering the original layers.

7. Dynamic animation: It creates motion of a realistic character by using the physics to simulate natural forces.

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Dynamics:  The physics which describes the moving of objects using physical rules with natural forces acting on them are called Dynamics. The achieving of traditional key frame animation techniques is difficult with Dynamic simulations. Maya provides the setup of this type for computer animation, so software performs its operations to animate the objects also provide the tools creating effects which enhances final images and animations. So the particle effects the creation of illusions of particles like fireworks, rain, explosions, fire and smoke and many more which can be simulate real-world physical interactions between the particles or objects like collision etc.., 

Fire in Dynamics

Milky Way using Particle Dynamics

Lighting: The light object which are provided in the software as default to apply on the animation object to get some shades and a reality look while rendering the product is called as Lighting. These are different type which are Directional light, Ambient light, Area light, Point light, Spot light, Volume light. But the Maya has a default light which is always in “On”, within the screen which make the user to view the scene. If user off’s the defaults light then we can’t see the scene/object on the grid.

Directional Light: The directional light was a variant light focus points which passes in parallel to each other and focuses only in one direction.

Point Light: The point light shines in all directions from one small point in space and to a bulb or any other small light objects.

Ambient Light: This has a feature of lighting in different ways which depends on the position of the light and where to be focused. This light shines in all directions from a one place and also a light focus in all direction from all directions when place inside the inner surface of a large sphere.

Area Light: Area light was a two dimensional rectangular shaped light source. It is mostly used in the scene as a light source from windows/doors etc.., which reflects rectangular. The dimensional focus of the light can be calculated as two units in long and one unit in wide. This can be resizing by using the transformation tools. This was widely useful to render the scenes of images which gives a very high quality, but mostly benefits to avoid in movies product because of taking much time to render the single frame. The area light decreases the angle and illumination while moving the point away from the area light.

Spot Light: the spot light was like a cone shaped which focus evenly within a narrow range of direction which is defined by the cone. The light focuses on the particular spot in circular direction where beam is focused. Image maps also can be projected by using spot light. This light will be used in animated scenes as vehicles headlights, light in the lighthouse building and flashlights like torches, etc.., The hardness and softness of the light source can be adjust according to the situation.

Volume Light: The volume light will be used mostly to adjust the light beam of remaining lights where down axis acts like directional light, etc.., The light shape dictates extent of the light in all cases except in inward light direction for shadows because it give unexpected results while focusing inwards. 

Camera: The taking of angles according to the visual rendered scene by using single or multiple cameras in different positions and capturing the scene in different angles according to the finalized storyboard is called camera work. Maya provides camera which can be used multiple times and also can create multiple camera’s which is different to each other. This can be customize according to the situation. Using less camera’s will be much better than more which takes longer time while rendering. 

Rendering: The process of executing the scene/ image using media/construction software’s is called rendering. The Autodesk Maya provided 3 different types of rendering options in common and another in special render process which is called as Mental Ray Rendering which is a extra tool/software (associated with Maya) in Maya. The common options of render is widely use at each and every step of completion of the image/ frame to check the quality and find the defects. most widely uses before, during and after modeling, texturing and dynamics. Mental Ray Rendering procedure will be used in most widely in the production field which gives excellent quality of an output  of the frames. Mental ray rendering will take time to render the image/frame depends on the resolution and edged of the object. Common Rendering tools take lesser time to render the objects which fails to render the depths of the frame in production house.

Normal rendering

Mental Ray Rendering

MEL Script: 

References:

1. Introduction of maya and auto desk: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_release_history#Release_history

2. Modules:

http://download.autodesk.com/us/maya/2011help/index.html?url=./files/Scripting_in_Maya_Some_basic_concepts.htm,topicNumber=d0e39603

3. Lighting:

http://download.autodesk.com/global/docs/maya2014/en_us/